Exploring the Potential of Lotus Leaf and Its Bioactive Compounds for Anti-obesity Interventions

Authors

  • Lei Chen Jingjiang College, Jiangsu University, 212003 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China Author
  • Xinyi Zhang Jingjiang College, Jiangsu University, 212003 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China Author
  • Wei Zhang Jingjiang College, Jiangsu University, 212003 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China Author
  • Yuwei Liu Department of laboratory Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 212003 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62767/jecacm501.2109

Keywords:

anti-obesity, lotus leaves, monomer, Chinese medicine

Abstract

The complex syndrome of obesity is a complex syndrome associated with various metabolic disorders, poses significant threats to human health. Many weight loss medications have the potential to rapidly treat obesity, however their toxicity and adverse effects may compromise patients' physiological and psychological well-being. In China, the concept of drug and food homology has been utilized for thousands of years, with lotus leaves serving as a representative example. The lotus leaves have been traditionally used for heat-clearing and lipid-lowering purposes, as well as for cooling the blood and promoting hemostasis, since ancient times. This review represents the first attempt to qualitatively investigate the anti-obesity properties of lotus leaves by integrating gene-disease association databases and drug-target databases for analysis. Additionally, it summarizes the identified monomers in lotus leaves that have been reported to possess functions associated with anti-obesity. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress on anti-obesity drugs derived from lotus leaves, and to facilitate further research and development in the field of anti-obesity medication targeting adiposity.

References

James A, Wang K, Wang Y. Therapeutic Activity of Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Metabolic Diseases and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases: The Current Updates. Nutrients 2023; 15(13).

Tutunchi H, Arefhosseini S, Nomi-Golzar S, et al. Effects of Hydroxycitric Acid Supplementation on Body Composition, Obesity Indices, Appetite, Leptin, and Adiponectin of Women with NAFLD on a Calorie-Restricted Diet. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2023; 2023: 6492478.

Report on the Nutrition and Chronic Disease Status of Chinese Residents. SCIO Press Conferences: Beijing, China, 2023.

Khadilkar V, Shah N. Evaluation of Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2021; 88(12): 1214-1221.

Obita G, Alkhatib A. Effectiveness of Lifestyle Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions for Childhood Obesity and Associated Comorbidities among Children from Minority Ethnic Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15(11): 2524.

Alemón-Medina R, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Rivera-Espinosa L, et al. Extemporaneous Formulations of Metformin for Pediatric Endocrinology: Physicochemical Integrity, Cytotoxicity of Sweeteners, and Quantitation of Plasma Levels. Clinical Therapeutics 2015; 37(8): 1689-1702.

Lee WH, Larsson SC, Wood A, et al. Genetically predicted plasma cortisol and common chronic diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. Clinical Endocrinology 2023; 100(3): 238-244.

Van Schaik J, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Vos-Kerkhof E, et al. Treatment and outcome of the Dutch Childhood Craniopharyngioma Cohort study: first results after centralization of care. Neuro-Oncology 2023; 25(12): 2250-2261.

Dehdari Ebrahimi N, Sadeghi A, Ala M, et al. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative stress induced by metabolic disorders in the male reproductive system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent models. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023; 14: 1202560.

Shen C, Jiang Y, Lin J, et al. Purinergic receptor P2 × 7 activates NOX2/JNK signaling to participate in granulosa cell inflammation and apoptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 2023; 55(4): 313-322.

Saniotis A. Is hyperinsulinemia a possible clinical explanation underlying the myth of Erysichthon? Acta Diabetologica 2023; 60(9): 1279-1282.

Saad-Omer SM, Kinaan M, Matos M, et al. Exogenous Cushing Syndrome and Hip Fracture Due to Over-the-Counter Supplement (Artri King). Cureus 2023; 15(7): e41278.

Yan Y, Niu Z, Sun C, et al. Hepatic thyroid hormone signalling modulates glucose homeostasis through the regulation of GLP-1 production via bile acid-mediated FXR antagonism. Nature Communications 2022; 13(1): 6408.

Al-Hussaniy HA, Alburghaif AH, Naji MA. Leptin hormone and its effectiveness in reproduction, metabolism, immunity, diabetes, hopes and ambitions. Journal of Medicine and Life 2021; 14(5): 600-605.

Rovere C, Viale A, Nahon J, et al. Impaired processing of brain proneurotensin and promelanin-concentrating hormone in obese fat/fat mice. Endocrinology 1996; 137(7): 2954–2958.

Lima FF, Sita LV, Oliveira AR, et al. Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone projections to the septo-hippocampal complex in the rat. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 2013; 47: 1-14.

Rao Y, Lu M, Ge F, et al. Regulation of synaptic efficacy in hypocretin/orexin-containing neurons by melanin concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28(37): 9101-9110.

Vidal-Cevallos P, Mijangos-Trejo A, Uribe M, Tapia NC. The Interlink Between Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2023; 52(3): 533-545.

Altinkilic EM, du Toit T, Sakin Ö, et al. The serum steroid signature of PCOS hints at the involvement of novel pathways for excess androgen biosynthesis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2023; 233: 106366.

Rajan L, Palaniswamy D, Mohankumar SK. Targeting obesity with plant-derived pancreatic lipase inhibitors: A comprehensive review. Pharmacological Research 2020; 155: 104681.

Gunay YE, Kişioğlu SV, Karakullukçu S, et al. Comparison of orlistat and orlistat plus metformin therapy between diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 2023; 69(7): e20230174.

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2012.

Khalil H, Ellwood L, Lord H, et al. Pharmacological Treatment for Obesity in Adults: An Umbrella Review. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2020; 54(7): 691-705.

Jin X, Zhang ZH, Sun E, et al. Discussion on correlation between preparation, in vivo conversion process and potential structure-activity relationship of ginsenoside. China Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 2013; 38(3): 307-313.

Dai G, Wang J, Zheng J, et al. Bioactive polysaccharides from lotus as potent food supplements: a review of their preparation, structures, biological features and application prospects. Frontiers in Nutrition 2023; 10: 1171004.

Zheng H, Han L, Shi W, et al. Research Advances in Lotus Leaf as Chinese Dietary Herbal Medicine. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2022; 50(6): 1423–1445.

He Y, Tao Y, Qiu L, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Leaf-Fermentation Supernatant Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Suppresses Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14(20).

Kim BM, Cho BO, Jang SI. Anti-obesity effects of Diospyros lotus leaf extract in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2019; 43(1): 603–613.

Zhang Y, Ma L, Zhang L, et al. Effects and action mechanisms of lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) ethanol extract on gut microbes and obesity in high-fat diet-fed rats. Frontiers in Nutrition 2023; 10.

Ji L, Song T, Ge C, et al. Identification of bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of scutellariae radix-coptidis rhizoma in the treatment of atherosclerosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2023; 165: 115210.

Wang Y, Tao X, Gao Y, et al. Study on the mechanism of Shujin Tongluo granules in treating cervical spondylosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Medicine 2023; 102(29): e34030.

Hu X, Mola Y, Su WL, et al. A network pharmacology approach to decipher the total flavonoid extract of Dracocephalum Moldavica L. in the treatment of cerebral ischemia- reperfusion injury. PloS One 2023; 18(7): e0289118.

Xu Z, Wang C, Luan Z, et al. Exploring the potential targets of the Abrus cantoniensis Hance in the treatment of hepatitis E based on network pharmacology. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023; 10: 1155677.

Rajtar-Salwa R, Bobrowska B, Batko J, et al. Lipid-Lowering Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Outpatient Practice-How to Achieve Goal. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023; 12(20).

Yamaji T, Harada T, Kajikawa M, et al. Role of Small Dense Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Statin Treatment. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2024; 31(4): 478-500.

Farias-Pereira R, Savarese J, Yue Y, et al. Fat-lowering effects of isorhamnetin are via NHR-49-dependent pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Research in Food Science 2020; 2: 70-76.

Liu L, Lan X, Chen X, et al. Multi-functional plant flavonoids regulate pathological microenvironments for vascular stent surface engineering. Acta Biomaterialia 2023; 157: 655–669.

Deng HF, Wang XL, Sun H, et al. Puerarin inhibits expression of tissue factor induced by oxidative low-density lipoprotein through activating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway and inhibiting activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB. Life Sciences 2017; 191: 115–121.

Li N, Wu X, Zhuang W, et al. Soy and Isoflavone Consumption and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies and Randomized Trials in Humans. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2020; 64(4).

Ibarra M, Moreno L, Vera R, et al. Effects of the flavonoid quercetin and its methylated metabolite isorhamnetin in isolated arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Planta Medica 2003; 69(11): 995-1000.

Tsai SW, Lin CC, Lin SC, et al. Isorhamnetin ameliorates inflammatory responses and articular cartilage damage in the rats of monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 2019; 41(4): 504-512.

González-Arceo M, Gomez-Lopez I, Carr-Ugarte H, et al. Anti-Obesity Effects of Isorhamnetin and Isorhamnetin Conjugates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 24(1).

Alqudah A, Qnais EY, Wedyan MA, et al. Isorhamnetin Reduces Glucose Level, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin Diabetic Mice Model. Molecules 2023; 28(2): 502.

Jiang H, Yamashita Y, Nakamura A, et al. Quercetin and its metabolite isorhamnetin promote glucose uptake through different signalling pathways in myotubes. Scientific Reports 2019; 9(1): 2690.

Nie N, Li Z, Li W, et al. Myricetin ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis in mice by modulating immune response and inhibiting MCP-1 expression. European Journal of Pharmacology 2023; 942: 175549.

Song X, Tan L, Wang M, et al. Myricetin: A review of the most recent research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2021; 134: 111017.

Liu K, Zhang Y, Zhang W, et al. A Study on the Interactions of Proteinase K with Myricetin and Myricitrin by Multi-Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24(6): 5317.

Meng Z, Wang M, Xing J, et al. Myricetin ameliorates atherosclerosis in the low-density-lipoprotein receptor knockout mice by suppression of cholesterol accumulation in macrophage foam cells. Nutrition & Metabolism 2019; 16: 25.

Calzada F, Valdes M, Martínez-Solís J, et al. Annona cherimola Miller and Its Flavonoids, an Important Source of Products for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: In Vivo and In Silico Evaluations. Pharmaceuticals 2023; 16(5): 724.

Su H, Feng L, Zheng X, et al. Myricetin protects against diet-induced obesity and ameliorates oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 2016; 17(6): 437-446.

Liu IM, Liou SS, Lan TW, et al. Myricetin as the active principle of Abelmoschus moschatus to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica 2005; 71(7): 617-621.

Chen G, Xu H, Wu Y, et al. Myricetin suppresses the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits neointimal hyperplasia via suppressing TGFBR1 signaling pathways. Phytomedicine 2021; 92: 153719.

Akindehin S, Jung YS, Kim SN, et al. Myricetin Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects through Upregulation of SIRT3 in Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2018; 10(12): 1962.

Barrios-Nolasco A, Domínguez-López A, Miliar-García A, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract from Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., Quercetin, and Anti-Obesity Drugs in Adipose Tissue in Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Molecules 2023; 28(9): 3801.

Adeoluwa OA, Olayinka JN, Adeoluwa GO, et al. Quercetin abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like symptoms by inhibiting neuroinflammation via microglial NLRP3/NFκB/iNOS signaling pathway. Behavioural Brain Research 2023; 450: 114503.

Ehteshami S, Abdollahi F, Ramezanian A, et al. Maintenance of quality and bioactive compounds of cold stored pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit by organic acids treatment. Food Science and Technology International 2021; 27(2): 151-163.

Della Via FI, Alvarez MC, Basting RT, et al. The Effects of Green Tea Catechins in Hematological Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals 2023; 16(7): 1021.

Sarimahmut M, Celikler S. Plants from Northwestern Anatolia Display Selective Cytotoxicity and Induce Mitotic Catastrophe: A Study on Anticancer and Genotoxic Activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2023; 20(9): e202300460.

Gerrard SD, Yonke JA, Seymour KA, et al. Feeding medium-chain fatty acid-rich formula causes liver steatosis and alters hepatic metabolism in neonatal pigs. American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2023; 325(2): G135-G146.

Jiang LP, Sun HZ. Long-chain saturated fatty acids and its interaction with insulin resistance and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes in Chinese. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022; 13: 1051807.

Takato T, Iwata K, Murakami C, et al. Chronic administration of myristic acid improves hyperglycaemia in the Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda mouse model of congenital type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60(10): 2076-2083.

Saraswathi V, Kumar N, Ai W, et al. Myristic Acid Supplementation Aggravates High Fat Diet-Induced Adipose Inflammation and Systemic Insulin Resistance in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12(6): 739.

Ma R, Quan L, Aleteng QQ, et al. The impact of sitagliptin in palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance in human HepG2 cells through the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2023; 74(2).

Yasuo T, Suwabe T, Sako N. Behavioral and Neural Responses to Vitamin C Solution in Vitamin C-deficient Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi/Shi Jcl-od/od Rats. Chemical Senses 2019; 44(6): 389-397.

Wang X, Xu B, Du J, et al. Characterization of pyruvate metabolism and citric acid cycle patterns predicts response to immunotherapeutic and ferroptosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell International 2022; 22(1): 317.

Muroyama K, Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, et al. Anti-obesity effects of a mixture of thiamin, arginine, caffeine, and citric acid in non-insulin dependent diabetic KK mice. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2003; 49(1): 56-63.

Jochym K, Kapusniak J, Barczynska R, et al. New starch preparations resistant to enzymatic digestion. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2012; 92(4): 886-891.

Al-Samydai A, Al Qaraleh M, Al Azzam KM, et al. Formulating co-loaded nanoliposomes with gallic acid and quercetin for enhanced cancer therapy. Heliyon 2023; 9(6): e17267.

Jafaripour L, Sohrabi Zadeh B, Jafaripour E, et al. Gallic acid improves liver cirrhosis by reducing oxidative stress and fibrogenesis in the liver of rats induced by bile duct ligation. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2023; 58(12): 1474-1483.

Bak EJ, Kim J, Jang S, et al. Gallic acid improves glucose tolerance and triglyceride concentration in diet-induced obesity mice. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73(8): 607-614.

Duh PD, Lin SL, Wu SC. Hepatoprotection of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther on CCl₄-induced liver damage and inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2011; 134(2): 379-385.

Wan Y, Xia J, Xu J, et al. Nuciferine, an active ingredient derived from lotus leaf, lights up the way for the potential treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Pharmacological Research 2022; 175: 106002.

Kim SM, Park EJ, Lee HJ. Nuciferine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses by inhibiting p38 MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2022;30(6): 2373-2383.

Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang J, et al. Screening of hypolipidemic active components in Jiang-Zhi-Ning and its preliminary mechanism research based on "active contribution value" study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2021; 272: 113926.

Liu CP, Kuo YC, Shen CC, et al. (S)-armepavine inhibits human peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation by regulating Itk and PLCgamma activation in a PI-3K-dependent manner. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2007; 81(5): 1276-1286.

Chen J, Ma X, Gao K, et al. The active ingredients of Jiang-Zhi-Ning: study of the Nelumbo nucifera alkaloids and their main bioactive metabolites. Molecules 2012; 17(8): 9855-9867.

Wang YP, Zhang WB, Li HY, et al. Analysis on the route of conception vessel and governor vessel in Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic). Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2021; 41(7): 805-812.

Wang J, Gu M. The skin diagnosis methods constructed by Liao Ping. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2023; 53(1): 28-35.

Zhang GD, Chen Q, Tao TM, et al. Comparison of syndrome differentiation and treatment system between Huangdi Neijing and Treatise on Cold Damage. Asian Journal of Surgery 2023; 46(10): 4966-4700.

Wei XT, Liu T, He ZJ, et al. Research progress in role of autophagy in diabetic wound healing and traditional Chinese medicine intervention. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2023; 48(7): 1724-1730.

Hoffman RD, Li CY, He K, et al. Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Regulatory Effects on Tumor Related T Cells. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020; 11: 492.

Li Y, Li X, Li X, et al. Non-neglectable therapeutic options for age-related macular degeneration: A promising perspective from traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2022; 282: 114531.

Published

2024-02-27 — Updated on 2024-05-20

Versions

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Issue

Section

Review

Similar Articles

1-10 of 78

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > >>